Al-Ḥusayn ibn Ali ibn Abi Talib (Arabic: الحسين ابن علي ابن أبي طالب; 10 October 625 – 10 October 680) (his name is also transliteratedas Husayn ibn 'Alī, Husain, Hussain and Hussein), was a grandson of the Islamic prophet, Muhammad, and son of Ali ibn Abi Talib (the first Shia Imam and the fourth Rashid caliph of Sunni Islam) and Muhammad's daughter, Fatimah. He is an important figure in Islam as he was a member of the Bayṫ (Arabic: بَـيـت, Household) of Muhammad and the Ahl al-Kisā' (Arabic: أَهـل الـكِـسَـاء, People of the Cloak), as well as the third Shia Imam.
Shrine of Imam Husayn ibn Ali.
Native nameالحسين ابن عليBorn10 October 625
(3 Sha'aban AH 4)[1]
Medinah, HijazDied10 October 680(aged 55)
(10 Muharram AH 61)
Karbala, Umayyadsection of MesopotamiaCause of deathBeheaded at the Battle of KarbalaResting placeHis shrine at Karbala, Karbala Governorate, Iraq
32°36′59″N44°1′56.29″EResidenceMedinah, HejazKnown forbeing a grandson of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, the Battle of Karbala,] ImamTitle
List
Sayyid al-Shohada
(Arabic for Master of martyrs)[2]
ash-Shahīd[3]
(Arabic for The Martyr)
as-Sibt[3]
(Arabic for The Grandson)
Sayyidu Shabābi Ahlil Jannah[3][4]
(Arabic for Leader of the Youth of Paradise)
ar-Rashīd[3]
(Arabic for The Rightly Guided)
at-Tābi li Mardhātillāh[3]
(Arabic for The Follower of God's Will)
al-Mubārak[3]
(Arabic for The Blessed)
at-Tayyib[3]
(Arabic for The Pure)
Sayyidush Shuhadā[5][6]
(Arabic for Master of the Martyrs)
al-Wafī[3]
(Arabic for The Loyal)
Üçüncü Ali
(Turkish for Third Ali)
TermAC 670–680Predecessor(As Shia Imam) Hasan ibn AliSuccessor(As Shia Imam) Ali Zayn al-AbidinOpponent(s)Yazid ibn MuawiyahSpouse(s)Shahr Banu bint Yazdegerd III (last Sassanid Emperor of Persia)
Umme Rubāb
Umme Laylā
Children
List
'Alī Zayn al-'Ābidīn, Sakīnah (Mother: Shahr Banu)
'Alī al-Akbar, Fāṭimah aṣ-Ṣughrá(Mother: Laylā)
Sukaynah and,
'Alī al-Aṣghar(Mother: Rubāb)
[7]Parents
Ali (father)
Fatimah (mother)
Relatives
List
Muhammad(maternal grandfather)
Hasan (full brother)
Zaynab (full sister)
Umm Kulthum (full sister)
Muhsin (full brother)
Abbas (paternal half-brother)
Abu Talib (paternal grandfather)
Prior to his death, the Umayyad ruler Muawiya appointed his son Yazid as his successor in a clear violation of the Hasan-Muawiya treaty.[8]When Muawiya died in 680 CE, Yazid demanded that Husain pledge allegiance to him. Husain refused to pledge allegiance to Yazid, even though it meant sacrificing his life. As a consequence, he left Medina, his hometown, to take refuge in Mecca in AH 60.[8][9] There, the people of Kufah sent letters to him, asking his help and pledging their allegiance to him. So he traveled towards Kufah;[8] however, at a place near it known as Karbala, his caravan was intercepted by Yazid's army. He was killed and beheaded in the Battle of Karbala on 10 October 680 (the 10th of Muharram in 61 AH) by Shimr ibn Thil-Jawshan, along with most of his family and companions, including Husayn's six month old son, Ali al-Asghar, with the women and children taken as prisoners.[8][10] Anger at Husayn's death was turned into a rallying cry that helped undermine the Umayyad caliphate's legitimacy, and ultimately overthrow it by the Abbasid Revolution.[11][12]
Husayn is highly regarded by Shia Muslims for refusing to pledge allegiance to Yazid,[13] the Umayyad caliph, because he considered the rule of the Umayyads unjust.[13] The annual memorial for him and his children, family and his companions is the first month in the Islamic calendar, that is Muharram, and the day he was martyred is known as Ashura (the tenth day of Muharram, a day of mourning for Shi'i Muslims). His action at Karbala fueled the later Shia movements.[12] The martyrdom of Husayn was decisive in shaping Islamic and Shia history. The timing of the Imam's life and martyrdom were crucial as they were in one of the most challenging periods of the 7th century. During this time, Umayyadoppression was rampant, and the stand the Imam and his followers took became a symbol of resistance inspiring future uprisings against oppressors.
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